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Hyaluronic Acid: Goa KL, Benfield P, Hyaluronic acid. A review of its pharmacology and use as a surgical aid in ophthalmology, and its therapeutic potential in joint disease and wound healing. Drugs. 1994 Mar;47(3):536-66.
Weigel PH, Fuller GM, LeBoeuf RD, A model for the role of hyaluronic acid and fibrin in the early events during the inflammatory response and wound healing. J Theor Biol. 1986 Mar 21;119(2):219-34.
King SR, Hickerson WL, Proctor KG., Beneficial actions of exogenous hyaluronic acid on wound healing. Surgery. 1991 Jan;109(1):76-84.
Weigel PH, Frost SJ, McGary CT, LeBoeuf RD., The role of hyaluronic acid in inflammation and wound healing. Int J Tissue React. 1988;10(6):355-65.
Foschi D, Castoldi L, Radaelli E, Abelli P, Calderini G, Rastrelli A, Mariscotti C, Marazzi M, Trabucchi E., Hyaluronic acid prevents oxygen free-radical damage to granulation tissue: a study in rats. Int J Tissue React. 1990;12(6):333-9.
Manuskiatti W, Maibach HI., Hyaluronic acid and skin: wound healing and aging. Int J Dermatol. 1996 Aug;35(8):539-44.
Siebert JW, Burd AR, McCarthy JG, Weinzweig J, Ehrlich HP., Fetal wound healing: a biochemical study of scarless healing. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1990 Apr;85(4):495-502; discussion 503-4.
Doillon CJ, Silver FH., Collagen-based wound dressing: effects of hyaluronic acid and fibronectin on wound healing. Biomaterials. 1986 Jan;7(1):3-8.
Abatangelo G, Martelli M, Vecchia P., Healing of hyaluronic acid-enriched wounds: histological observations. J Surg Res. 1983 Nov;35(5):410-6.
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SOD/Gliadin (GliSodin): Muth, et.al., “Influence of an orally effective SOD on hyperbaric, oxygen-related cell damage,” Free Radical Research 38:9 (2004), 927-932
Vouldoukis, et.al., “Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of a cucumis melo extract rich in superoxide dismutase activity,” J. Ethnopharmacology 94 (2004), 67-75
Vouldoukis, et.al., “Supplementation with gliadin-combined plant superoxide dismutase extracts promotes antioxidant defenses and protects against oxidative stress,” Phytotherapy Res 2005 (in press)
Y. Kong, et.al., Dorea Cancer Center Hospital, “Influence of an orally effective superoxide dismutase on strenuous exercise-induced changes of blood antioxidant enzymes and plasma lactate,” AACC Poster, Presented July 2004
Drugs, et.al., “Wheat Gliadin promotes the interleukin-4-induced IgE production by normal peripheral mononuclear cells through a redox-dependent mechanism,” Cytokine 21 (2003) 1-11
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11-keto
ABA:
1 Altmann, A., et al., Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 11(1), S75, 2000. Altmann, A., et al., Arch. Pharm. Pharm. Med. Chem., 333(supp.2), 38, 2000.
2 Safayhi, H., et al., Planta Med., 63, 487-493, 1997.
3 Pardhy, R. S., et al., Indian J. Chem., 16B, 176-178, 1978.
4 Sailer, E. R., et al., Eur. J. Biochem., 256, 364-368, 1998.
5 Safayhi, H., et al., Plant Med., 66, 110-113, 2000.
6 Sailer, E. R., et al., British J. Pharmacol., 117, 615-618, 1996.
7 Safayhi, H. et al., J. Pharmaol. Exp. Ther., 261, 1143-1146, 1992.
8 Sharma, M.L., et al., Phytotherapy Res., 10, 107-112, 1996.
9 Laila Impex Research Centre, Comparison of
11-keto ABA to boswellia serrata extracts 2004.
10 Etzel R. et.al. Phytomedicine.1996;3:91–94.
11 Sander O, et. al. Z Rheumatol. 1998;57:11–16.
12 Kimmatkar N, et al. Phytomedicine. 2003;10:3–7.
13 Gupta I, Eur J Med Res. 1998;3:511–514
14 Gerhardt H, et.al. Z Gastroenterol. 2001;39:11-17.
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MSM:Kim LS, Axelrod LJ, Howard P, Buratovich N, Waters RF. Efficacy of methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) in osteoarthritis pain of the knee: a pilot clinical trial. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006;14(3):286–94.
Kocsis JJ, Harkaway S, Snyder R. Biological effects of the metabolites of dimethyl sulfoxide. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1975;243:104–9
Murav'ev IuV, Venikova MS, Pleskovskaia GN, et al. [Effect of dimethyl sulfoxide and dimethyl sulfone on a destructive process in the joints of mice with spontaneous arthritis]. Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter 1991;(2):37–9
Usha PR, Naidu MUR. Randomised, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled study of oral glucosamine, methylsulfonylmethane and their combination in osteoarthritis. Clin Drug Invest 2004;24(6):353–63.
Rose S, et al.
Detection of dimethyl sulfone in the human brain by in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2000 18:95-98.
Lin A, et al.
Accumulation of methylsulfonylmethane in the human brain: identification by multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Toxocol Letters 2001 123:169-77
Cecil K, et al.
Methylsulfonylmethane observed by in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a 5-year old child with developmental disorder: effects of dietary supplementation.
J. Computer Assisted Tomography 2002 26:818-820
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Glucosamine Sulfate: Long-term effects of glucosamine sulfate on osteoarthritis progression: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial
JY Reginster, R Deroisy, LC Rovati, RL Lee, E Lejeune, O Bruyere, G Giacovelli, Y Henrotin, JE Dacre and C Gossett
Lancet 2001, 357:251-256
Glucosamine and chondroitin for treatment of osteoarthritis: a systematic quality assessment and meta-analysis.
McAlindon TE, LaValley MP, Gulin JP, Felson DT.
JAMA. 2000 Mar 15;283(11):1469-75.
Effect of glucosamine hydrochloride in the treatment of pain of osteoarthritis of the knee.
Houpt JB, McMillan R, Wein C, Paget-Dellio SD.
J Rheumatol. 1999 Nov;26(11):2423-30.
Glucosamine sulfate compared to ibuprofen in osteoarthritis of the knee.
Muller-Fassbender H, Bach GL, Haase W, Rovati LC, Setnikar I.
Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 1994 Mar;2(1):61-9.
Pharmacokinetics of glucosamine in man.
Setnikar I, Palumbo R, Canali S, Zanolo G.
Arzneimittelforschung. 1993 Oct;43(10):1109-13.
Glucosamine Sulfate Use and Delay of Progression
of Knee Osteoarthritis A 3-Year, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-blind Study
Karel Pavelka´ , MD, PhD; Jindriska Gatterova´ , MD; Marta Olejarova´ , MD;
Stanislav Machacek, MD; Giampaolo Giacovelli, PhD; Lucio C. Rovati, MD
Reginster JY, Deroisy R, Rovati LC, et al. Long-term effects of glucosamine sulfate
on osteoarthritis progression: a randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Lancet. 2001;357:251-256.
McAlindon T. Glucosamine for osteoarthritis: dawn of a new era? Lancet. 2001;
357:247-248.
Noyszewski EA, Wroblewski K, Dodge GR, et al. Preferential incorporation of
glucosamine into the galactosamine moieties of chondroitin sulfates in articular
cartilage explants. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44:1089-1095.
Bassleer C, Rovati LC, Franchimont P. Glucosamine sulfate stimulates proteoglycan production in human chondrocytes in vitro. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 1998;
6:427-434.
Piperno M, Reboul P, Helio Le Graverand MP, et al. Glucosamine sulfate modulates dysregulated activities of human osteoarthritic chondrocytes in vitro. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2000;8:207-212.
Dodge GR, Hawkins DF, Jimenez SA. Modulation of aggrecan, MMP1, and MMP3
production by glucosamine sulfate in cultured human osteoarthritis articular chondrocytes
[abstract]. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42(suppl):S253.
Sandy JD, Gamett D, Thompson V, Verscharen C. Chondrocyte-mediated catabolism
of aggrecan: aggreganase-dependent cleavage induced by interleukin-
1 or retinoic acid can be inhibited by glucosamine. Biochem J. 1998;335:
59-66.
Yaron I, Shirazi I, Judovich R, Yaron M. Glucosamine sulfate inhibits nitric oxide
and stromelysin production in cartilage cultures and reverses IL-1 inhibition of
osteoarthritic articular cartilage synthesis [abstract]. Ann Rheum Dis. 2001;60
(suppl):50.
Glucosamine sulfate in osteoarthritis of the knee.
Noack W, Fischer M, Forster KK, Rovati LC, Setnikar I.
Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 1994 Mar;2(1):51-9
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Chondroitin Sulfate: Uebelhart D, Thonar EJ, Delmas PD, Chantraine A, Vignon E., Effects of oral chondroitin sulfate on the progression of knee osteoarthritis: a pilot study., Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 1998 May;6 Suppl A:39-46.
Verbruggen G, Goemaere S, Veys EM., Chondroitin sulfate: S/DMOAD (structure/disease modifying anti-osteoarthritis drug) in the treatment of finger joint OA., Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 1998 May;6 Suppl A:37-8.
Leffler CT, Philippi AF, Leffler SG, Mosure JC, Kim PD., Glucosamine, chondroitin, and manganese ascorbate for degenerative joint disease of the knee or low back: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study., Mil Med. 1999 Feb;164(2):85-91.
Canapp SO Jr, McLaughlin RM Jr, Hoskinson JJ, Roush JK, Butine MD., Scintigraphic evaluation of dogs with acute synovitis after treatment with glucosamine hydrochloride and chondroitin sulfate., Am J Vet Res. 1999 Dec;60(12):1552-7.
Bourgeois P, Chales G, Dehais J, Delcambre B, Kuntz JL, Rozenberg S., Efficacy and tolerability of chondroitin sulfate 1200 mg/day vs chondroitin sulfate 3 x 400 mg/day vs placebo., Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 1998 May;6 Suppl A:25-30.
Lippiello, Louis PhD; Woodward, John MD; Karpman, Robert MD; Hammad, Tarek A. MD, PhD., In Vivo Chondroprotection and Metabolic Synergy of Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate.
Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. (381):229-240, December 2000.
Morreale P, Manopulo R, Galati M, Boccanera L, Saponati G, Bocchi L., Comparison of the antiinflammatory efficacy of chondroitin sulfate and diclofenac sodium in patients with knee osteoarthritis., J Rheumatol. 1996 Aug;23(8):1385-91.
Kenzo Kawasaki, Mitsuo Ochi *, Yuji Uchio, Nobuo Adachi, Masahiko Matsusaki., Hyaluronic acid enhances proliferation and chondroitin sulfate synthesis in cultured chondrocytes embedded in collagen gels., Department of Orthopaedics, Shimane Medical University, Shimane-ken, Japan., 19 November 1998
Ronca F, Palmieri L, Panicucci P, Ronca G., Anti-inflammatory activity of chondroitin sulfate., Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 1998 May;6 Suppl A:14-21.
Lippiello L., Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate: biological response modifiers of chondrocytes under simulated conditions of joint stress., Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2003 May;11(5):335-42.
Bucsi L, Poor G., Efficacy and tolerability of oral chondroitin sulfate as a symptomatic slow-acting drug for osteoarthritis (SYSADOA) in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis., Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 1998 May;6 Suppl A:31-6.
Joel Beren, Susan L. Hill, Marie Diener-West, and Noel R. Rose., Effect of Pre-Loading Oral Glucosamine HCl/Chondroitin Sulfate/Manganese Ascorbate Combination on Experimental Arthritis in Rats., Experimental Biology and Medicine 226:144-151 (2001)
Giuseppe M Campo, Angela Avenoso, Salvatore Campo, Alida M Ferlazzo, Domenica Altavilla, and Alberto Calatroni., Efficacy of treatment with glycosaminoglycans on experimental collagen-induced arthritis in rats., Arthritis Res Ther. 2003; 5(3): R122–R131.
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Colostrum: "Glycoproteins in bovine colostrum inhibit the attachment of the Helicobacter pylori bacteria that cause stomach ulcers. Colostrum contains significant amounts of interleukin-10, a strong inflammation inhibitory agent found significant in reducing inflammation in arthritic joints and injury areas,” wrote Dr. Olle Hernell, from the University of Ulmea, Sweden, in Science magazine.
Anti-Microbial (Moldoveanu, Zina, et al, "Antibacterial Properties of Milk; IgA_ Peroxidase-Lactoferrin Interactions" Annals of N.Y. Academy of Science, (1983) Vol. 409, 848-850.
Kim, K. et al, "In Vitro and In Vivo Neutralizing Activity of Human Colostrum and Milk Against Purified Toxins A and B of Clostridium Difficle" Journal of Infectious Diseases (1984) Vol. 150 (1) 57-61.
Wada, N., et al, "Neutralizing Activity Against Clostridium Difficile Toxins in the Supernatant of Cultured Colostral Cells" Infectioius Immunology (1980) Vol. 29, 545-550).
McConnell, M.A.; Brooks, H.J.L.; Borissenko, M.B.; Buchan, G. A comparative study of immunoglobulin feels and anti-inflammatory activity in four milk products. Journal of Dairy Science. Publication forthcoming.
Borody, TJ, et al. Tunnel vision in the bowel. Center for Digestive Diseases (2001). Review of irritable bowel syndrome, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, and its etiology, including infective agents such as Shigella and Campylobacter. Infections of the gut are difficult to treat because no antimicrobial therapy is available that is effective against Clostridia spores. Only bovine colostrum has proven clinical efficacy in eradicating intestinal pathogens, such as rotavirus, and may help control the infections seen in chronic disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome due to the number of biologically active components in colostrum. The growth factors in colostrum help heal intestinal erosions and ulcerations. It also contains anti-inflammatory factors and is nutrient rich. Colostrum may be used alone or in combination with other anti-inflammatory and/or immune substances. Future research should focus on identifying immune strategies, novel delivery systems and identification of the bioactives in colostrum.
Playford, RJ, et al. Bovine colostrum is a health food supplement which prevents NSAID induced gut damage. Gut 44:653-658 (1999). Although non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are very effective in controlling joint pain in arthritis, their use also causes significant, and sometimes fatal, gastrointestinal damage. Supplementation with colostrum, however, significantly reduced and healed injury caused by NSAIDs.
Playford, RJ, et al. Co-administration of the health food supplement, bovine colostrum, reduces the acute non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced increase in intestinal permeability. Clinical Science 100:627-633 (2001). Another study by Dr. Playford on the ability of colostrum to prevent damage due to NSAID use. This study showed that colostrum also prevents an increase in gastrointestinal permeability due to NSAID use, whereas NSAID use alone without colostrum causes an increase in permeability.
Goldman, AS, et al. Anti-inflammatory properties of human milk. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 75(5):689-695 (1986). The major anti-inflammatory components found in human milk (and bovine colostrum) include anti-proteases, lactoferrin, lysozyme, secretory IgA, and a number of antioxidants, including cysteine, ascorbate, alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene.
Murphey, DK, Buescher, ES. Human colostrum has anti-inflammatory activity in a rat subcutaneous air pouch model of inflammation. Pediatric Research 34(2):208-212 (1993). In an experimental animal model using subcutaneous air pouches in rats, colostrum showed significant anti-inflammatory activity.
Buescher, ES, McWilliams-Koeppen, P. Soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) receptors in human colostrum and milk bind to TNF-alpha and neutralize TNF-alpha bioactivity. Pediatric Research 44(1):37-42 (1998). The ability of colostrum to modulate the inflammatory response is unique. One of the ways in which it does this is through TNF-a receptor proteins, which are found in colostrum. These bind to TNF-a, which inactivates the TNF-a. TNF-a is the activator of the entire inflammatory cascade, so by controlling its activity, colostrum controls the degree of the inflammatory response and can shut it off altogether.
Britigan, BE, et al. The role of lactoferrin as an anti-inflammatory molecule. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 357:143-156 (1994). While the role of lactoferrin in providing non-specific immunity is well documented, it also plays a role in the anti-inflammatory response through its antioxidant effect.
Conneely, OM. Anti-inflammatory activities of lactoferrin. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 20(Suppl. 5):389S-395S (2001). Lactoferrin inhibits dermal inflammatory cytokine production and acts as a potent anti-inflammatory protein at local sites of inflammation, including the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.
Berk LS, Nieman DC, Youngberg WS, et al. (1989) The effect of long endurance running on natural killer cells in marathoners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 22:207-212.
Buckley JD, et al. Effect of An Oral Bovine Colostrum Supplement Intact on Running Performance.Abstract from: 1998 Australian Conference of Science and Medicine in Sport, Adelaide, South Australia, October 1998.
Burke E. (1996) Colostrum as an athletic enhancer and help for AIDS. Nutrition Science News.
Clark J. (1996) Uses of creatine phosphate and creatine supplementation for the athlete. Scientific and Clinical Perspective.
Mero A, et al. (1997) Effects of bovine colostrum supplementation on serum IGF-1, IgG, hormone, and saliva IgA during training. Journal of Applied Physiology. 83:1144-1151.
Sparling PB, Nieman DC, O'Connor PJ. (1993) Selected scientific aspects of marathon racing: an update on fluid replacement, immune function, psychological factors and the gender difference. Sports Medicine. 15:116-132.
Hofman Z, Smeets R, Verlaan G, Lugt R, Verstappen PA.,Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2002 Dec;12(4):461-9. Related Articles, The effect of bovine colostrum supplementation on exercise performance in elite field hockey players. Numico Research, Bosrandweg 20, 6704 PH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Coombes JS, Conacher M, Austen SK, Marshall PA. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002 Jul;34(7):1184-8. Related Articles, Links, Dose effects of oral bovine colostrum on physical work capacity in cyclists. School of Human Movement Studies, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.
Mero, A.; Miikkulainen, H,; Riski, J,; Pakknen, R,; Aalto, J,; Takala, T. Effects of bovine colostrum supplementation on serum IGF-1, IgG, hormone, and saliva IgA during training. Journal of Applied,Physiology. 83(4):1144-1151, April 1997.
J Buckley*, M Abbott, S Martin, G Brinkworth & P Whyte, Abstract from: 1998 Australian Conference of Science and Medicine in Sport, Adelaide, South Australia, October 1998. Effect of an oral bovine colostrum supplement (intact TM ) on running performance. Centre for Research in Education and Sports Science, University of South Australia.
Spagnoli A, Rosenfeld RG, Dept. of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, The mechanisms by which growth hormone brings about growth. The relative contributions of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1996 Sep; (3):615-31.
Liu JL, LeRoith D, Clinical Endocrinology Branch, NIDDKD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, Insulin-like growth factor I is essential for post-natal growth in response to growth hormone. Endocrinology 1999 Nov; 140(11):5178-84.
Butler AA, Yakar S, Gewolb IH, Karas M, Okubo Y, LeRoith D, Diabetes Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD, Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signal transduction: at the interface between physiology and cell biology.Page 3, Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1998 Sep; 121(1):19-26.
Hwa V, Oh Y, Rosenfeld RG, Dept. of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, The insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) superfamily. Endocr Rev 1999 Dec; 20(6):761-87.
Buckley, J., et al. “Oral supplementation with bovine colostrum increases vertical jump performance.” Presented at 4th Annual Congress of the European College of Sports Science, Rome 14-17 July, 1999.
Mero, A., et al. “Effects of bovine colostrum supplementation on serum IGF-I, IgG, hormone, and saliva IgA during training.” J Appl Physiol, 1997;83(4):144-1151.
Wu, A.H. & Perryman, M.B. “Clinical applications of muscle enzymes and proteins.” Curr Opin Rheumatol, 1992;4(6):815-820.
Antonio, J, et al. The effects of bovine colostrum supplementation on body composition and exercise performance in active men and women. Nutrition 17(3):243-247 (2001). Actively training male and female athletes were given colostrum supplementation or placebo for a period of 8 weeks. Subjects receiving colostrum but not placebo showed an increase in lean body mass.
Brinkworth, GD, et al. Effect of bovine colostrum supplementation on the composition of resistance trained and untrained limbs in healthy young men. European Journal of Applied Physiology 9(11):53-60 (2004). Either bovine colostrum or whey protein were given to young men who were either in training or not in training. Those in the training group who received colostrum showed a significantly greater increase in both upper arm circumference and cross-sectional area compared to those receiving whey, while those who were not in training showed no change.
Buckley, JD, et al. Effect of bovine colostrum on anaerobic exercise performance and plasma insulin-like growth factor I. Journal of Sports Science 21(7):577-588 (2003). Athletes in training were given either bovine colostrum or placebo for 8 weeks. Those receiving colostrum showed a significant increase in peak anaerobic power over placebo.
Coombes, JS, et al. Dose effects of oral bovine colostrum on physical work capacity in cyclists. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 34(7):1184-1188 (2002). Dosage studies done on training cyclists showed a small but significant improvement in time trials at doses of 20 g or 60 g/day.
Hofman, Z, et al. The effect of bovine colostrum supplementation on exercise performance in elite field hockey players. International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 12(4):461-469 (2002). Colostrum supplementation in elite field hockey players, both male and female, resulted in improved sprint performance over placebo.
Nieman, DC, et al. Complement and immunoglobulin levels in athletes and sedentary controls. International Journal of Sports Medicine 10(2):124-128 (1989). Blood levels of complements C3 and C4 but not immunoglobulins decreased during periods of rest, graded maximal exercise and recovery in marathon runners.
Nieman, DC, et al. Effects of long-endurance running on immune system parameters and lymphocyte function in experienced marathoners. International Journal of Sports Medicine 10(5):317-323 (1989). Marathon runners experience a disruption of normal immune function after running long distances, a condition which returns to normal levels following 21 hours of recovery.
Berk, LS, et al. The effect of long endurance running on natural killer cells in marathoners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 22(2):207-212 (1990). A significant decrease in natural killer cell populations were seen in marathon runners following three hours of maximal exercise with full recovery of pre-exercise levels by 21 hours. This correlated with increases in cortisol levels during exercise.
Sparling, PB, et al. Selected scientific aspects of marathon racing. An update on fluid replacement, immune function, psychological factors and the gender difference. Sports Medicine 15(2):116-132 (1993). Negative changes to the immune system during long distance running increase the chances of upper respiratory infections in these athletes for a period following exercise. Proper nutrition, adequate rest and appropriate recover between workouts as well as other measures can lessen the risk.
Burke, ER. Colostrum as an Athletic Enhancer and Help for AIDS. Nutrition Science News May, 1996. While leaky gut is of concern to everyone, it is particularly so for athletes who need to utilize all the nutrients they take in and prevent infection when their immune systems are impaired following exercise. Many athletes suffer irritable bowel syndrome as a result of incomplete digestion of protein supplements. The role of colostrum-derived insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ß) in healing leaky gut are explored.
Buckley, JD, et al. Bovine colostrum supplementation during endurance running training improves recovery, but not performance. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 5(2):65-79 (2002). While supplementation with bovine colostrum does not increase levels of IGF-1 in the blood or initial performance, performance in a second round of exercise significantly improves.
Crooks, C, et al. Bovine colostrum supplementation increases levels of s-IGA in distance runners: a study based on athletes in training for the 2002 Rotorua marathon. Unpublished research. Marathon runners in training were given bovine colostrum or placebo for 12 weeks in a double blind study. Those in the colostrum group showed significantly more secretory IgA (s-IgA) in their saliva than either the placebo group or sedentary controls. The colostrum group also reported a significantly lower rate of upper respiratory infections (URI) during this period.
Kasemkijwattana, C, et al. Use of growth factors to improve muscle healing after strain injury. Clinical Orthopedics 370:272-285 (2000). Muscle injuries, such as strains, are common in athletes. The use of growth factors, such as IGF-1, in treating such injuries is explored.
Molloy, T, et al. The roles of growth factors in tendon and ligament healing. Sports Medicine 33(5):381-394 (2003). The roles of five different growth factors, IGF-1, TGF-ß, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), in healing tendon and ligament injuries is explored. Each plays a different but vital role in the process.
Sato, K, et al. Improvement of muscle healing through enhancement of muscle regeneration and prevention of fibrosis. Muscle & Nerve 28(3):355-372 (2003). IGF-1 can improve muscle regeneration in injured muscle.
Liang, L, et al. [Effect of cytokines on repair of tendon injury] Zhongguo Xiufu Chongjian Waike Zazhi (Chinese) 14(5):283-285 (2000). Cytokines, such as the growth factors, can accelerate tendon repair.
Mero, A, et al. IGF-I, IgA, and IgG responses to bovine colostrum supplementation during training. Journal of Applied Physiology 93(2):732-739 (2002). Colostrum supplementation increases levels of IGF-1 and IgA in training athletes, but the IGF-1 in the colostrum is not absorbed intact.
Kuipers, H, et al. Effects of oral bovine colostrum supplementation on serum insulin-like growth factor-I levels. Nutrition 18(7-8):165-172 (2002). A study for the International Olympic Committee showed no increase in blood IGF-1 or IGF-bp3 levels after 4 weeks time.
Zimecki, M, et al. Effect of a proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) on the development of hemolytic anemia and survival of New Zealand black (NZB) mice. Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis 39(5-6):461-467 (1991). Colostrinin (PRP) increased survival in mice susceptible to hemolytic anemia, an autoimmune disease. It is hypothesized the colostrinin induces suppressor cells which slow development of the disease. This suggests that colostrinin may have therapeutic value in treating autoimmune diseases.
Deitch, E. A. “The Role of Intestinal Barrier Failure and Bacterial Translocation in the Development of Systemic Infection and Multiple Organ Failure,” Arch Surgery. 125:403-404,1990.
Galland, L. “Leaky Gut Syndrome: Breaking the Vicious Cycle,” Townsend Letter for Doctors. 145(6):63-68, 1995.
Galland, L.; et al. “Intestinal Dysbiosis and the Causes of Disease,” J Adv Med. 6:67-82, 1993.
Rooney, P. L.; et al. “A Short Review of the Relationship Between Intestinal Permeability and Inflammatory Joint Disease,” Clin Exp Rheumatol. 8(1):75-83, 1990.
Jackson, P. G.; Lessof, M. H.; Baker, R. W. R.; Ferrett, Jean; MacDonald, D. M. “Intestinal Permeability in Patients with Eczema and Food Allergy,” The Lancet. 1(8233):1285-6, 1981.
Bolke E, Jehle PM, Hausmann F, Daubler A, Wiedeck H, Steinbach G, Storck M, Orth K., Shock. 2002 Jan;17(1):9-12. Related Articles, Links, Preoperative oral application of immunoglobulin-enriched colostrum milk and mediator response during abdominal surgery. Department of Surgery, University of Ulm, Germany.
Deitch, E. A. “The Role of Intestinal Barrier Failure and Bacterial Translocation in the Development of Systemic Infection and Multiple Organ Failure,” Arch Surgery. 125:403-404, 1990.
Galland, L. “Leaky Gut Syndrome: Breaking the Vicious Cycle,” Townsend Letter for Doctors. 145(6):63-68, 1995.
Prosser, C, et al. Reduction in heat induced gastrointestinal hyperpermeability in rats by bovine colostrum and goat milk powders. Journal of Applied Physiology 96:650-654 (2004). Bovine colostrum healed “leaky gut” in an experimental rat model used heat induced gastrointestinal hyperpermeability.
De Keyser, F, et al. Gut inflammation and spondyloarthropathies. Current Rheumatology Reports 4(6):525-532 (2002). Spondyloarthropathies (SpA) are a related group of arthritic conditions which include ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease. SpA have been correlated with gut inflammation and are immunologically related Crohn’s disease. Colostrum’s ability to control gut inflammation and modulate the activity of TNF-a indicate that it may be of benefit in SpA treatment.
Nitsch, A, Nitsch, FP. Clinical use of bovine colostrum. Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine 13(2) (1998). A colostrum preparation was used clinically to treat rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis with good results.
Op. cit., Fallanc, L., p. 192. Feldmann, M.; Brennan, F.; Maini, R. Role of Cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of Review in Immunology. 14:397-440, 1996.
Jenkins, R. T.; et al. “Increased Intestinal Permeability in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Side Effect of Oral Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Therapy,” Br. J. Rheumatology. 26(2):10-37, 1987.
Cochran C, et al. (1998) Cetyl Myristoleate – A Unique Natural Compound Valuable in Arthritis Conditions. Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients.
Feldmann M, Brennan F, Maini R. Role of cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Annual Review of Immunology. 14:397-440, 1996.
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